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Ibn Sina (370-428 AH / 980-1037 m)
Abu Ali Al-Hussein bin Abdullah bin al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, a philosopher, a doctor and a normal world famous in the fourth and fifth centuries AD / atheist century AD. Ovcnp born in a village adjacent to Bukhara (which is now located in the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan).
Grew Ibn Sina and grew up under a righteous family of integrated, it was his father from Balkh, and then go to Bukhara in the days of the rule of Prince Nuh ibn Mansur where the estate of the loss of Bukhara named Krmitn, but housing Bovcnp and it has, where she was close to his headquarters, It is this village chose his wife Sarah, who bore him two sons Okbarhama is the son of Sina and then after the family moved to Bukhara.
As the father of the rulers were able to provide him and his brother, an ideal education for the culture of that era. Gave them their father, a teacher of the Koran and a teacher of literature. At the age of ten was the son of Sina have completed memorizing the Quran and studied a lot of literature, and then his father sent him to a man who knows the account, and that man was grocer, but it was full of knowledge and the account. He then studied Ibn Sina Principles and methods of research and debate, and read mysticism was one of the best walk in it.
Then submitted to the Bukhara man named Abu Abdullah Alnatli and was called the philosophical, got a guest in the house of Ibn Sina Flmh a bit of philosophy during his stay with them. He began Alnatli book in logic. However, Ibn Sina had imagined logical issues better than him, and often dazzling teacher, his knowledge of logic and its specificity minutes. He took Ibn Sina then read the books of logic and commentaries by himself even mastered the science and stop the Dakkaigah. And then proceeded to study the book of the assets of Engineering and also read to his teacher, but he did not read it only five or six forms of the first book, then took over after learning that the rest of the book himself. As he left his mentor to Bukhara, taken Ibn Sina in the study of natural science, and opened him the doors of science ascended medicine Vdersh and excelled at the short-term, they did not find Ibn Sina of the hard sciences it well until it became distinct in it, and resorted to by elders of Medicine read by the types and treatments which comes from experience, and has treated patients did not receive a wage for doing so.
I unloaded Q yen for the lesson was lost to science, did not slept the whole night and the length of one day not worked in the non-science, and during this period did not cut off from the study of jurisprudence and all parts of philosophy. And has had his own way in the understanding of the issues and arguments, it was arranged that he wants to understand the matter in the form of a syllogism, and strive to find met East and exploration, because it was believed that he could not understand the issue only if it is known to reduce East. He was straining himself in it, sometimes located on reducing East after a long hard way, and sometimes despair of it shall to the mosque does wudoo and pray and turn to God to pray please to help him and opens it locks the matter, and then home to bed opens Allaah be upon him in a dream what zippered it really waking him up in the morning and give charity to the poor, thank God for the blessing of it yes.
We have completed the collection of Ibn Sina, known in all the sciences of his time at the age of sixteen. There was then that the prince Nuh ibn Mansur disease, and doctors in the treatment of hot, ran the name of Ibn Sina in the presence of the prince, habeas corpus and ordered doctors to share advice and treatment. Marchetti and the Prince to treat even cured. Prince in sin, and then sought permission Ibn Sina subsequently to enter the palace library, authorized him Prince. It was a huge library not enter without the permission of a Prince. Ibn Sina recites everything in the library and the nail of its benefits and rank known to every man in his knowledge so that this library was burned in the disturbances Samanid state, leaving only what ticked Ibn Sina's mind and heart.
We have completed the Ibn Sina from the collection of all the sciences of language and jurisprudence, accounting and engineering, logic and philosophy of medicine at the age of eighteen, and stood on its details and intricacies and objectives, but note one eluded him did not understand the science of the post of Nature (Theology). He read Aristotle's book in this science did not understand anything of it, and re-read it forty times even save it by heart without understanding. One day he went to the market introduced by Dalal wrote a little book for the purposes of post-nature, and he rejected Ibn Sina's response Tjaja impatiently that he knew no use of it. Auctioneer told him that the book price only three dinars and its owner in need of money for it, Vachtrah hereof, if the book is Al-Farabi in the purposes of post-nature. Ibn Sina, he sped to the house opened up and read it as tongue-tied, in the case because he saves Kate August Aristotle, rejoiced at this and believe much on the poor. But science has not matured in his mind until he reached the perceptions of men, and gained experience of travel.
Ibn Sina began his travels after the troubled state affairs Samani, and after he died and his father at the age of twenty-two years old at the time, went out from Bukhara to Kirkang, and was wearing a costume scholars, Vokrema Prince algorithm and decided to have a monthly salary of doing. He then moved to Gorgan and Khorasan and intent of Prince Sultan Qaboos generosity and his hospitality. And the families of Prince Sultan Qaboos and left the prison to Dhustan disease and the disease difficult, he left to Gorgan, where he met Abu Abdullah Aljosjani.
In Gorgan movement of Ibn Sina from the palace of Prince to another until he held the ministry of the sun twice the state in Hamedan. He has suffered a lot of intrigue and strife that was raging between the princes of that era so that he was homeless and looting, imprisonment and expulsion from the political functions. But despite this volatile political life has not stopped writing and lesson authoring. Was the lesson starts with his disciples on the first night, without dictating to them the books to be attended by the book, In the morning he goes to the ministry manages its affairs.
We have characterized the contributions of Ibn Sina in many aspects of the knowledge deposited His numerous and reached approximately two hundred and fifty authors, including books, letters and articles, classified in various types of science and knowledge, including mathematics, logic, ethics, natural science, medicine, and philosophy. However, the most notable achievements in the field of medicine appears Vsnf the book of law, setting out an accurate observations such as the link between
Tuberculosis and other lung diseases, pointing to the role of water and dust in the transfer of infections as well as the link between psychological factors and emotional, disease and the causes of homosexuality. And this book has received great fame in medical circles, it was explained by a large number of doctors who came after him. Also translated into many European languages, where he taught at universities in Europe for four centuries connected. Furthermore, shall be deemed to Ibn Sina, one of the most famous poets who put Orjosat in science. The Orjosth in Medicine from the most famous of these Alorjosat.
As for his contributions to natural science, appears in his books healing, deliverance, and signs. Has been characterized as the philosophy of Ibn Sina combining Greek philosophy and Islamic philosophy. The Ibn Sina who reject the idea of turning base metals to
Gold. Also studied the natural phenomena Kqos rainbow and make up the image of incoming light to the eye. And discussed the idea of pain does not end, and said that the speed of light is not final, and studied the relationship of time motion, and conducted experiments and density measurements to calculate the quality of many materials, and invented the government balance of heat based on the expansion of gases trapped.
Unfortunately, and for him to Ibn Sina, despite extraordinary mentality in medicine and other sciences was not interested in their health. At the end of his life multiplied by the disease, and tried to get rid of some service to the plundering of his money, and felt his health is poor, and he knew that his strength had fallen He refused to heal itself so understood away in 428 AH / 1037 Bhmdan.
Al-Biruni (362-440 AH / 973-1048 m)
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, philosopher, historian and traveler and geographer and linguist, poet, and the world in mathematics and natural science and pharmacy. Known in the fourth century AH / tenth century. Born in the village from the outskirts of the city the capital of the Khorezm Cath. But did not know per Specifically, as pointed out is the same as saying "I do not really know ratios ... I do not know my grandfather was."
Peronist left for his hometown which was twenty years old, showing his genius in many sciences, and opened at different branches of science. When the designated status of scientific, literary stature rose, it began to compete thrones and palaces. Vtbnah first builders of wisdom and knowledge of the sons of Saman Bboukhary, where his reputation, and put his scientific and literary them, and closer connection with them. And there are known to President Sheikh Ibn Sina, who Zamilh nearly twenty years. Vantzma together in the deliberation and debate, and exchange of views and messages, and shared a count when the prince Nuh ibn Mansur Samani, which was decorated with precious things of his library and ammunition Mwlvathma.
In 388 AH / 998 CE. Shine star Prince Sultan Qaboos bin Hakim writer and will gather the sun known as Amir Gorgan Excellencies, where he took Al Saman compete to attract these two stars, who were Biian palaces of al-Saman Bboukhary. Prince took the sun Excellency asked my father to go to basil, but he refused to Saman and depicts the family of their own who was disturbed that day under the sedition and internal intrigues and foreign wars with the kings of Kashgar in the east, and the kings of Ghazni in the West.
When the king fell out Samanid Abu Rayhan Mstsahba with Ibn Sina Gorgan to meet the desire of the emir Shams Excellency the best of hospitality, and Good themselves to stay in his palace, where he was interested in Abjahabzp geniuses of science and wisdom and the giants of literature. In this palace-Biruni wrote his book, the remaining vestiges of the centuries-free and presented to the sun Excellency.
In the Gorgan al-Biruni also met with his teacher in medicine Abu Issa easy. And remained together until the military revolution that overthrew the throne of the sun Excellencies, came to his Peronist went out due to his homeland algorithm. There are settled in the city later became Jarjanip p marker algorithm. There he worked Biruni in the science founded by Amir Ben-safe safe algorithm. In this complex world, met with al-Biruni
Religious scholars, and later joined by his colleague Ibn Sina.
In the algorithm al-Biruni stayed seven years in the service of Prince safe, where he became a prominent place at the Prince, and a great deal, known as the Prince of the status of science, Vatakzh his adviser, and grant him in his palace, and was showing him the manifestations of respect and appreciation.
In 407 AH / 1016. Some soldiers Prince safe revolution against him and killed him, which led to his brother in law Ben Mahmoud Ghaznavi Saboktakin algorithm to avenge the killers, to his entourage, which included al-Biruni, and moved with him to the town of Ghazni.
Necessary Peronist Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in all his travels and conquests. It is during these trips Peronist entered India with the Sultan Mahmud in his battles for this country, which amounted to seventeen invasion in north-western region of India, and lasted until the year 414 AH / 1024. The owner of Peronist Sultan Ghaznavi thirteen times, which allowed him to take science from India and learn their language Sanskrit, as well as proficiency Arabic, Persian, Greek, Syriac, Fasttaa to come to key references. Which was what he wants al-Biruni.
But things did not help much Peronist, as it was not the Sultan Mahmoud Ghaznavi interested in science a lot, so he has no interest in Peronist interviews and lectures. Fortunately for him that this did not last too much, it's just that ascended to the throne of the country's largest children Sultan Masood Ghaznavi and he had such a burning desire, and foresight to accept the science and study its secrets. Gave the Peronist rightful place and gave him what he needs assistance during his stay in India. When he returned from the Peronist India to settle in the palace of Prince Massoud, gave him his famous law Masoudi in the body and the stars.
As Peronist Download this gift to Sultan Masood, Sultan wanted to reward him for this precious gift, he sent his three beauty loaded with money
Silver, returned that Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, saying: It is to serve science but science is not for money. A Peronist also another book which is the Constitution and presented to the Prince s Naughty Moudud bin Mahmood Ghaznavi. The Peronist Left in Ghazni, and did not leave to cut off lesson, research, science and writing, where he wrote most famous writings.
It was al-Biruni diligent in the search to the extent that one of his friends had visited a very sick, asked Al-Biruni on the subject already discussed it. His friend said to him: AVI this case? Individual-Biruni: Oh, this world and I filed this world issue, not to be better than that and I leave them ignorant. He toured the debate between them, until he is convinced al-Biruni and then left his friend, the way he heard about the death of al-Biruni. With his death in 440 AH / 1048 at the age of eighty.
Fame and return to His Peronist real heavy show ample knowledge and intellectual genius as well as to religious affiliation is clear in all his writing, which is always decorated with verses of the Holy Quran. Shows affiliation to Islam and the language of the Koran, saying in the introduction to his book Chidnp in medicine: "Our religion and the state are Arabs twins, flying on one of the divine and on the other hand divine; how crowded communities of disciples, especially those tricks and Daylam in dressing the State flowing kernel did not spend them in to be market. As long as the prayer knocks on their ears every day five; and prayers are offered the Koran shown behind the Arab imams description description; and delivering it to them in the mosques to reform were to the hands and mouth, and a rope of Islam is schizophrenic, and his fort is Mnthelm. "
Al-Biruni wrote in the motion, the various knowledge in the field of mathematics, astronomy, medicine, pharmacy, literature, geography, and history. But more attention has been focused on astronomy, mathematics and natural science. In astronomy proved Biruni on the scientific facts are important, including the land area and percentage of the moon, and the fact that the sun is the center of the universe the ground, and after the sun from the moon, and the land area and percentage of the moon, and then for an offense for the Sun and the dimensions of the solar system from the ground, and after the planet from each other in It is the first of the group said that the sun is the center of the universe against all ground what had prevailed in his time of all views agree that the Earth is the center of the universe. It also demonstrated that the height of the sun is a constant. Has been able to remote to four observations in four seasons to calculate the amount of this movement by the account differ, was the amount of the final proven by Muslim astronomers, this movement is (12.09) seconds in a year, is the identification is slightly different from the amount that is installed in the present age is (11.46 ) again in the year. Provision is also solar and lunar eclipses and explain in a clear manner, twilight and dusk. According to the circumference of the Earth very carefully, and select the direction of which Muslims turn to when performing their prayers, using mathematical theories. One of the issues known as the Peronist many issues, including that do not solve the ruler and compass, such as: try dividing the angle into three equal sections, and calculate the diameter of the Earth, and the speed of light than the speed of sound.
The first Peronist considerable attention to the books he studied algebra
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi and understood fully, and added a lot of comments, also studied the algebraic equation of the third degree and developed, coming in engineering and analytical. Solve the equation in the famous medieval (x 3 = 1 3 o), and obtained a satisfactory outcome to their roots very close to six decimal places. The best known demonstration of the law known as the corner pocket, using the triangle level.
In the field of chemistry Biruni agreed with the Canadian claim to reject those who say that the possibility of converting base metals into gold, and denied their pursuit of Elixir. Has focused his attention on the study of several industries existed in his time, coating pottery, and the preparation of steel prepared to make swords, and recovery of mercury from cinnabar. He knew some of the ways chemical Kaltsaid important, and sublimation, distillation, and waxing, and filtration in addition to the preparation of a number of chemical compounds.
Known as Abu Rayhan al-Biruni also a professional pharmacist to collect medicines and the selection of the finest types of single and composite structures that best immortalized him Mprzo family medicine, and the first orders of the medicine industry, if the promotion from the bottom to the top.
Peronist left nearly three hundred author of the book and the message in various languages. Of which about (183) composed in Arabic of the best known other than stated book India's argument acceptable in the mind or Mrdhulp, and the book Aljmaher to know the essences, and the book Altfahim to the early mining industry, and a book identifying the ends of places to correct the spaces housing, and a message absorb faces possible workmanship astrolabe. The authors see the new moons, and an article in locating the country using latitude and longitude, and the Book of engineering issues, and a message to know the azimuth of Qibla, a message in the mechanics and Aloidroostateka.
Ghotbeddin Shirazi (634-710 AH / 1236-1310 AD)
Pole-Din Muhammad ibn Ziauddin bin Masoud Shirazi Persian reformer, judge, interpreter, and the world famous Batabieiat in the seventh century AH / third century AD. Born in the city of Shiraz, Persia in 634 AH to the family of a famous medicine and mysticism was his father Professor Ziauddin Sofia, a famous doctor.
Ghotbeddin received his basic education in Shiraz, also received some of the practices of medicine and mysticism, under the supervision of his father. In addition to this pole have learned of religion in his childhood a large number of industries, except the hair industry. We have started Ghotbeddin learned of Medicine early, they did not exceed ten years old at the time.
And he reaches fourteen years of age and in the presence of his father's death was given for the pole position of religion and his father, a doctor practicing in a hospital in Muzaffarabad, Shiraz. He remained in that post for nearly ten years. During this period he spent in a hospital in Muzaffarabad lesson Ghotbeddin three professors were all of his uncles. He then moved to his teacher, Kamal al-Din Abu good Alkizroni and studied with Ibn Sina colleges. However his teacher Shams al-Din Mohammed bin Ahmed Alkbshi Ghotbeddin studied religious sciences.
Ghotbeddin traveled to Baghdad in 665 AH / 1268, where he took part in the seminar, the scientific Sharaf al-Din Zaki Alepeshkani, and through participation in the lessons of Sharaf al-Din was able to keep the pole of religion on the explanations of Ibn Sina in medicine, as well as the work of Al Razi. Pole was found religion by studying the thrill of this work in the study of philosophy of medicine of Ibn Sina, but not at that time is eligible to satisfy the desire of Ghotbeddin to learn more in these sciences. For this reason, leaving the pole of religion and his job at the hospital Muzaffar heading to wallow in 660 AH.
Studied pole of religion in the wallow by the teacher, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and have the choice of pole debt to Professor and place a good choice, it was Nasir al-Din al-Tusi a professors of philosophy and astronomy in his time, He was also director of the Observatory of Maragheh who had completed construction and start working at the time it reached Ghotbeddin to wallow. Observatory was an astronomical observatory of this wallow, but it also was a huge library containing faq t of four hundred thousand books, some of which were the works of most famous scientists of Greece.
Ghotbeddin stayed wallowing in the observatory for several years during which he attended scientific seminars held by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, until his teacher told him Nasir al-Din to devote to study mathematics and astronomy. Taking the advice of magnate religion teacher, so they have a joint action in the field of astronomy known name later as one of the best work of the eighth century AH / fourteenth century, namely, the full concept of planetary motion.
Qutb completed his study of religion, philosophy of Ibn Sina by the teacher, Nasir al-Din, and read one of the most important books of Ibn Sina, known as signals and alerts. The study also completed a book of the law of Ibn Sina, and was able to help mentor and through his presence in the library to find Maragheh answers to dilemmas encountered during the reading of this book in Shiraz.
As the desire to know more than what was granted by the Library Maragheh him, he preferred to leave religion to the pole of Khorasan. There he studied with Necmettin Qazwini, who was a philosopher and astronomer and famous athlete in his time. And then went to the Caspian Ghotbeddin then Isfahan. There are associated Ghotbeddin working with its ruler, Bahaa El Din Mohamed Jouini. He then left Ghotbeddin Isfahan to Baghdad, and there he met a number of professors of mysticism was drunk, including Mohamed bin al-Baghdadi.
Ghotbeddin left Baghdad on his way to Anatolia and the subject of Rumi, a famous poets of Sufism in Islam. But Ghotbeddin did not stay long in Anatolia, as he left on his way to Qana, and the teacher, a student of Sadr al-Din Kenawy, he studied with the Sufi way, interpretation and modern science. In Qena, Qutb was able to meet debt a large number of scientists who had taken refuge after the Qana Tatars invaded the eastern part of the Islamic world.
With the death of Sadr al-Din Kenawy, left Ghotbeddin Qana on his way to Sivas and Mtaya in the Anatolia and was then under Mughal rule, where he held judicial office in the appointment of a particular religion Barwana, the ruler of the Seljuk sector Anatolia, and the pole of religion may know him previously, during his presence in Qana. Since most of the work Ghotbeddin done by his assistants, the empty pole of religion to teach and write.
The Ghotbeddin several visits to Tabriz, the capital of Alikhandien in Persia. Through repeated visits to Tabriz, the Ghotbeddin close friend of Ahmad disturb Hulagu, the son of the king of the Tartars. Had a significant impact this friendship to hold Ahmed disturb Islam. Because of the link Ghotbeddin Balikhandien has been estimated that it works in politics.
In 681 Ahmad disturb others, Ghotbeddin accompanied by Kamal El Din Bahaa El Din and Rafii Acrobat ambassadors to him Mustansir Qalawun Sayf al-Din, Sultan of the Mamluks in Egypt, so that Islam Ahmed publicize it, as well as to achieve peace between the Mamelukes and the Tatars. Despite the pole that religion did not succeed in his political, but his trip to Egypt was very successful scientifically. During his visit to Egypt, he stopped Ghotbeddin libraries Egypt and there he found the annotations on the Law of Ibn Sina, including the commentary of Ibn al-Nafis. It was Ghotbeddin find these explanations satisfying the urgent desire to reach answers to queries in the law of Ibn Sina, which has long traveled in search of her home.
Leave Ghotbeddin Egypt heading to Syria and stayed out a long book, where he taught healing by Ibn Sina. Syria and returned to Anatolia Ghotbeddin and has started writing to explain the law and he called to explain the law faculties. In 690 H / 1291 Ghotbeddin settled in Tabriz, which was then under the rule of Jazan Khalifa Ahmed Khan upsets, as it was an important cultural center of the Islamic world. The pole and stayed the rest of the old religion and donations himself to writing until his death in 710 AH / 1311.
Shirazi, known for his achievements in various astronomy completed a lot of astronomical experiments that are not complemented by the teacher, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. Have developed a model for the astronomical Mercury, which was started by al-Tusi, and paleontologist discovered the cause of the rainbow, and commented on the roundness of the Earth comment scientifically, and explain the ambiguities in the works of his teacher. Also commented and explain the book of the law of Ibn Sina.
Leave Ghotbeddin Shirazi large number of books, mostly in astronomy and natural science and medicine. Of the most important: the book explained the ticket Nusayris in the body, and the book masterpiece Alhahip in the body, and the book end of the perception in the knowledge of the universe, and the book Tabsirah in the body, and a message in the movement of rolling and the ratio between the plane and curved, and a book editor plummet in the new Radwani, and book some of the problems Almagest. And book jewel in the crown of brocade, a surprise in natural science is the most important of his books. In medicine, the wise and book a picnic, a kindergarten doctors to explain and comment on the law of Ibn Sina, and a message statement in the need for medicine and ethics of doctors, wills, and a message of leprosy.
Al-Farabi (260-339 AH / 873-950 AD)
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Oozlg bin Tarkhan (Sharif), also known as Abu Nasr, has been known in the West as "Alvarabios." And the title of second in the Middle teacher after Aristotle first teacher. Philosophers, scientists, the second in the Islamic civilization after Canadian
Al-Farabi was a philosopher and researcher in theory encyclopedic in science, was a world in theory in the life sciences, music, physics, chemistry and sports, medicine, astronomy, did not exercise it. A Turkish race and the environment. His father was a soldier and said that he was the guard of the caliph, was born in the city "and Sage" a city or region Farab "Barab," as the pronunciation of the Turks, a state in the basin of the River "Syrdarya" in the country beyond the River. Islam has entered this state in the era of Samanid after the invasion of "Noah Bin Azad," the city "Osija" in 225 AH - 840 AD, before the birth of al-Farabi and thirty five years. An area of marsh, but the groves and farms in Western Syrdarya River, lies south of the city Ffersgen "bung" the capital of the territory inhabited by tribes Farab Turkish races and Ghaz Alkhozlj.
And he traveled Farabi at the age of mature this environment a request to a national culture in his time, the city of Harran, and the city of Baghdad and the Library of Alexandria was moved to the Harran after that I stayed one hundred and forty years in Antioch, and that was in the succession-Mutawakkil (232-247 AH / 874-861 AD), The Harran, this transition has become the heir of Greek culture. In Harran received Farabi parties of Science first at the hands of John Ben Whelan, and was a world in-depth reasoning recited by Al-Farabi logic.
Then traveled with the heads of al-Farabi School Harran to Baghdad, including a fixed bin Kara, in succession Mutadid (279-289 AH / 892-902 AD), and joined a circle when my father preached Ben Younes. It was widely available on the philosophy of Aristotle, and occupies the center of Baghdad in the study of logic, as was a prolific translator, but he was sick of phrase, and had an impact on an Al-Farabi.
With skill-Farabi in science and wisdom is superior to his teacher Bishr ibn did not stand out when his place in Baghdad, so go to the court of Saif al-Dawla al-Hamdani city of Aleppo in 330 AH - 942 AD. And seek shelter under the auspices of this prince Arab League, which sponsored the elite group of scholars and literature.
Farabi has been shuttling between Damascus and Aleppo and prolongs place in Damascus, all well gardens, orchards and fountains, surrounded by schwing, this was a good atmosphere within the mood of Farabi thinker, meditator.
Ibn al-Khalkan that Abu Nasr Al-Farabi had lived in Egypt some time, cut off by his residence in Baghdad, and that he did in Egypt, written books and civilian policy utopia.
It is noteworthy that al-Farabi was a dowdy, worn sometimes cap a meeting, and that he was bent on the achievement, does not care order gain or residence, and live four dirhams each day conducted by Seif al-Dawla al-Hamdani of the house of money, did not accept al-Farabi other every day of his conviction.
The Al Farabi affect the unit, people do not sit, and was always at his Damascus meeting place where the water and greenery, and has been composing his books, and turn to Him Employed knowledge of his disciples. Perhaps for this reason was his way of writing, his books have been more classes and messages dictated, have found some sparse and truncated.
And record book of Al-Farabi way the following statement:
Farabi traveled from Baghdad at the end of e -941 in 330 AD and arrived at Aleppo at the end of the same year. Then traveled to Damascus in 331 AH, syncope tile sword of State of 334 -945 m e to e in 336 -947 AD. Then deported to Egypt in 337 -948 AD, the year it was on track Damascus Sultan of Egypt. Then moved back to Damascus, al-Farabi in 338 e -949 m.
Al-Farabi and died the following year in the month of Rajab 339 AH - December 950 m. That was when an air raid on Syria a gang of thieves from the city of Ashkelon on the southern coast of Palestine, attacked the gang who attacked Abu Nasr Farabi, and took place between the attackers and defenders Farabi fighting that killed Abu Nasr Farabi, and his body was taken to Damascus in the cold of January, and prayed sword State-Hamdani on his body with a number of properties. The apparent meaning of the buried-Farabi Damascus, outside the fence at the little door, had exceeded eighty years old.
One of the main achievements of the Farabi it was the first to develop the core or approach to the Encyclopedia of Humanities and sciences in his time, and in his book Statistical Science, it was the first who spoke on the theory of social contract and already this French thinker "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" (T. 1192 -1778 AD) by several centuries, and that he was talking about links Alaj Tmaip in human societies, and when the number of social ties common, he said: "The similarity of moral character and manners of natural tongue and language, and to participate in the home, and then participate in the housing and cities, and then participate in the Alsqa, and the highest of these links are all justice." As discussed in the political community and the emergence of the state, its from the viewpoint of life-philosophical, ethical and deposited it all in his book: utopia.
The historians record the music that Farabi has developed a zither music. And that he first gave a description of the machine harp music in one tendon, and Alauterin equals in the heavy-handed, and it is the first to know the music industry and the term of music, and it may put some of the terminology and the names of musical sounds that are still in use today.
It was reported in al-Farabi's theory of gravity above the world in which Newton thousand scientists stunned the West and make them wonder about the secret of this similarity between the views of al-Farabi and Newton.
Farabi is the first to know math music relationship. It is this relationship was aware of signs of logarithms was confirmed by Western scientists. Perhaps this is the secret that lies in the attention of music-Farabi and the principles of melody, rhythm, and it shows in his great music.
He has authored many books Farabi and messages through his life and his travels, he noted that historians of science more than a hundred thousand author. A logic in the twenty-five a message, and wrote a tenth explanation on the logic of Aristotle, and seven other annotations to other works of Aristotle. And four entrances to the philosophy of Aristotle, and the five entrances to the philosophy in general, and ten letters in defense of Aristotle, Plato, Ptolemy and Euclid. And fifteen books on metaphysics, and seven books in the music and art of poetry, six books in ethics, politics, and three books in psychology.
Also developed a classification of sciences in his book: Statistical Sciences and order, and definition of its purposes.
Most of the books Al-Farabi and his letters and annotations are missing, and some of them there are only subtitles in Hebrew, is written in the life sciences: utopia. Collection of happiness. Policy of the city. Out of science. One of the main messages in the life sciences: Psychology. Wisdom. Cloves wisdom. The names of the mind.
Perhaps the most important books: great music with Ge in Mossi also wrote of them: the entrance to the music industry, music. Has in physics: the articles of the assets of high-science nature. Has in medicine: a chapter in medicine, science mood and weights. Principles that the strength of the objects and diseases. He may, in Mathematics: Introduction to Engineering delusional. Secrets of natural geometric shapes in minutes. He may, in astronomy: the book: a comment in the stars. Article: The entity that is true to say it in the provisions of the stars. The rejection of al-Farabi mining industry, and demonstrated knowledge of corruption provisions of the stars in the messages and the most important of his scientific: "The jokes are not true of the provisions of the stars."
The remainder of the logical and philosophical writings and annotations of Aristotle made him an Islamic thinker Mlkabba second teacher and has had a significant impact on European thought and Arab thought, including: letters. Words used in the logic. Measurement. Analysis. Amoltp places. Controversy. Words, statements. Chapters five Iisagoji. Proof.
Abbas Ben Furnas (194-273 AH / 810-887 AD)
Abu al-Qasim bin Abbas bin Firnas and Rdas Altakurti, doctor, physicist and writer and an artist known for in the third century AH / ninth century. Born in Brarp, then moved to Cordoba, where he studied various sciences to the title of "Bgim Andalus"
Grew Ibn Firnas and raised in Cordoba, which was then a beacon of science, art and literature in the Maghreb and Andalusia, as you know - the norm of his compatriots at the beginning of application of science - the Quran and the principles of religion in Ktatebha, which was common at the time, and then began to attend science workshops were held in a mosque in Cordoba was listen to what is happening in the research and scientific debates and controversies, and listen to what scientists by His Andalusians of science that took him from the scholars of the Islamic East. Then went to literary councils to listen to the elders listened prudent and he said of the poets of Andalusia and Odbaiha.
It was in addition to his commitment to receive the flag keen intelligence severe conservation careful consideration, was much hesitation to the owners of the fine arts enjoy hearing the sounds that they put them, and watching the musical instruments they sign tunes, and was often frequented places of the people of industries minute Vidqq consideration in their work and their industries The Quran and the arts. And he had a head start among the scholars of his time occupied by including the knowledge and science.
I then went on to study the works of Firnas of Medicine, examined the characteristics of diseases and symptoms, diagnosis, and read methods of prevention and how to treat the injured and the stages of this treatment. Also studied the properties of stones, herbs, plants, and stood on the properties useful in the treatment. It was for that means doctors, pharmacists and Inaqchehem in the back of his observations during this brief him on the outstanding workmanship that keep the body and protect against pests and diseases.
Ibn Firnas has gained the confidence of the kings and men of their own capacity for knowledge and fame and taken cognizance of the large number of physicians and scientists of his time, so taken by the princes, the Umayyads in Andalusia, a special doctor for them and their family members and supervisor of the ruling on their health and their food.
Not only did Ibn Firnas the study of medicine and talent it, but also studied philosophy, logic, and the stars and the science of spirituality, he gathered works by looking at this science, and recited an accurate reading closer, and then worked to study the science of grammar and rules to express the views of scientists as in the reasoning, bringing in the amount of great until he became I know of people in the grammar of his time throughout Andalusia, Vsnfe scientists in the third layer of grammarians Andalusia. As it was sold in a language and literature, science presentations, and above all, was a poet a unique talent for poetry, poetry Behind often for different purposes, so has his family to be poet laureate in the Umayyad al-Andalus as it was their doctor.
Story goes that when he entered the book offers (the science that created by Khalil ibn Ahmad and adjust its seas and weights of Arabic poetry) to Andalusia and arrived at the Prince Abdul Rahman ibn al-Hakam, was introduced by the scholars of Cordoba and Odbaiha to Iodhoh him, wearied of it, and became a book which will entertain children in the palace of Prince , even if some neighborhood of the palace were saying some of them: Sir God that filled your mind as reason of his book: It is thus, bringing the news I'm Firnas shall submit to the Prince and asked him to production of the book to him, and he did. As I read and pondered, Firnas aware that in prosody, Vvk Ibn Firnas analyzing reports, and explained to his people an Easy for them to study this beautiful art and benefit from it.
Thus was the son of Firnas well versed in the science and ethics, and multiple industries. Has been devoted to achieving the scientific issues that were studied and manufacture machines and tools to help him observe the stars and planets and even control its movements make it home as a picture of heaven and the sun and the moon and the planets and their orbits that was one of the wonders of innovations created and adorable. As the experiments and analysis of various chemical could help to develop industries of a low-cost, easy, accessible to people in the homes of Andalusia.
Finally, the lesson I'm Firnas the weight of objects and resistance to air them, and the effect of air pressure which, if flying in space. This culminated in his attempt to fly was the first of the tower and flew in the air and flying birds.
Story goes that after the validation of what he has information campaign on to try flying the real itself, Vksa same feathers taken from Sergi Silk (apartments Silk White) for durability and strength, making him two wings of silk also carrying his body if Hrkhma in space. After completing all what is needed in trying that, and make sure that if you move the two-wing, they Christmlanh to fly in the air, it was announced to the world that he wants to j bird in space, and that the flight would be Rusafa the highest city of Cordoba, gathered the people there to see this bird Adamic, who will fly in the space of Cordoba. And the several levels of Ibn Firnas silk high above and move the wings and jumped in the air, and flew into space a distance from the place where people go and see him with surprise and admiration. And when they drop to the ground wounded in the back, it was his death that the bird when it drops down to the buttocks.
I'm still not Firnas submit creations and inventions until his death in 273 AH / 887 CE, at the age of eighty years.
Signed: maan
If not you have a stressful job ............... For he was a terrible void